New Document
Electronics
Electronics Catlog
DIC - TOC

1s and 2s Complement


    To perform a binary subtraction you first have to represent the number to be subtracted in its negative form. This is known as its two's complement.

The two's complement of a binary number is obtained by:

1. Replacing all the 1s with 0s and the 0s with 1s. This is known as its one's complement.

2. Adding 1 to this number by the rules of binary addition.

Now you have the two's complement.


Example:

The decimal subtraction 29 - 7 = 22 is the same as adding (29) + (-7) = 22

1. Convert the number to be subtracted to its two's complement:

00000111 (decimal 7)
11111000 (one's complement)
+ 00000001 (add 1)
11111001 (two's complement)

2. 11111001 now represents -7.

3. Add
29 00011101
+-7 11111001
22 (1)00010110

4. Note that the final carry 1 is ignored.

Subtracting using 1s complement


    For subtracting a smaller number from a larger number, the 1s complement method is as follows:

1. Determine the 1s complement of the smaller number.

2. Add the 1s complement to the larger number.

3. Remove the final carry and add it to the result. This is called the end-around carry.

Example:

    11001-10011

    Result from Step1: 01100

    Result from Step2: 100101

    Result from Step3: 00110

    To verify, note that 25 - 19 = 6

    For subtracting a larger number from a smaller number, the 1s complement method is as follows:

1. Determine the 1s complement of the larger number.

2. Add the 1s complement to the smaller number.

3. There is no carry. The result has the opposite sign from the answer and is the 1s complement of the answer.

4. Change the sign and take the 1s complement of the result to get the final answer.

Example:

    1001 - 1101

    Result from Step1: 0010

    Result from Step2: 1011

    Result from Step3: - 0100

    To verify, note that 9 - 13 = - 4


Subtracting using 2s complement


    For subtracting a smaller number from a larger number, the 2s complement method is as follows:

1. Determine the 2s complement of the smaller number.

2. Add the 2s complement to the larger number.

3. Discard the final carry (there is always one in this case)

Example:

    11001 - 10011

    Result from Step1: 01101

    Result from Step2: 100110

    Result from Step3: 00110

    Again, to verify, note that 25 - 19 = 6

    For subtracting a larger number from a smaller number, the 2s complement method is as follows:

1. Determine the 2s complement of the larger number.

2. Add the 2s complement to the smaller number.

3. There is no carry from the left-most column. The result is in 2s complement form and is negative.

4. Change the sign and take the 2s complement of the result to get the final answer.

Example:

    1001 - 1101

    Result from Step1: 0011

    Result from Step2: 1100

    Result from Step3: -0100

    Again to verify, note that 9 - 13 = - 4


Google